Eye safety assessment of VCSELs

Safety assessment of offshore structure

Reliability of a system is the probability that it will function as intended for the required period of time. The opposite of reliability is failure probability per unit time or over time, such as a life cycle. Following a review of existing reliability codes and approaches, comprehensive approaches to assess the reliability of offshore structures are described, including probabilistic analysis...

assessment of the efficiency of s.p.g.c refineries using network dea

data envelopment analysis (dea) is a powerful tool for measuring relative efficiency of organizational units referred to as decision making units (dmus). in most cases dmus have network structures with internal linking activities. traditional dea models, however, consider dmus as black boxes with no regard to their linking activities and therefore do not provide decision makers with the reasons...

Modulating VCSELs

One of the foremost applications of VCSELs is to transmit optical signals. These signals require modulation of the VCSEL to vary its emitted power. This note provides information about VCSEL modulation that may assist in the design of optical transmitters. While many of the same principles apply to analog modulation applications, this note is aimed primarily at digital applications where data i...

Injection Locking of VCSELs

Injection locking has been actively researched for its possibility to improve laser performance for both digital and analog applications. When a modulated follower laser (also termed “slave” laser) is locked to the master laser, its nonlinear distortion and frequency chirp may be reduced. As well, the resonance frequency can increase to several times higher than its free running case. In this p...

Application of Alternative Methods in the Regulatory Assessment of Chemical Safety Related to Human Eye Irritation & Severe Eye Irritation